Wednesday, May 28, 2008
Animal Farm
Animal Farm is a satire and fable (brief story), published in1945, which reflects events such as the Stalin era and the Russian revolution. It is also allegorical. The book shows how new movements overthrow a corrupt and undemocratic government or organisation, only to become corrupt themselves as they give in to the traps of power and begin to use violent methods to keep it. The animals fight for animalism to create a classless society, but we later see this can’t be achieved. The novel therefore points to the force of tendency towards class stratification in many communities and the threat that it poses to democracy and freedom. Each character in the story is a representative as a political leader. We see that the humans become insurgencies as they realise the farm has political, social and economical value. We also see the use of propagandas language which works well and mindsets are changed. Propagandas language is used to manipulate the naive working class and political jargon is used to hide the truth. Animal Farm was written to show the folly of man in politics and the working of politics.
I learn that people unite easily but unity can be undermined easily. Once a person is manipulated they can’t think for themselves therefore education is important. The allegorical nature of oppression is that those in power will always take advantage. There is a deeper meaning to everything and people will alter interpretations to suit the movement. No society is perfect and capitalism is the main state. Patriotism can divert attention
Karl Marx-Brief biography
Karl Heinrich Marx, b. May 5, 1818, d. Mar. 14, 1883, was a German economist, philosopher, and revolutionist whose writings form the basis of the body of ideas known as Marxism. With the aid of Friedrich Engels he produced much of the theory of modern Socialism and Communism. Marx’s father, Heinrich, was a Jewish lawyer who had converted his family to Christianity partly in order to preserve his job in the Prussian state. Karl himself was baptized in the Evangelical church. As a student at the University of Berlin, young Marx was strongly influenced by the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel and by a radical group called Young Hegelians, who attempted to apply Hegelian ideas to the movement against organized religion and the Prussian autocracy. In 1841, Marx received a doctorate in philosophy.
In 1842, Marx became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, a liberal democratic newspaper for which he wrote increasingly radical editorials on social and economic issues. The newspaper was banned by the Prussian government in 1843, and Marx left for Paris with his bride, Jenny von Westphalen. There he went further in his criticism of society, building on the Young Hegelian criticism of religion. Ludwig Feuerbach had written a book called The Essence of Christianity (1841; Eng. trans., 1854), arguing that God had been invented by humans as a projection of their own ideals. Feuerbach wrote that man, however, in creating God in his own image, had "alienated himself from himself." He had created another being in contrast to himself, reducing himself to a lowly, evil creature who needed both church and government to guide and control him. If religion were abolished, Feuerbach claimed, human beings would overcome their alienation. Marx applied this idea of alienation to private property, which he said caused humans to work only for themselves, not for the good of their species. In his papers of this period (published in 1959 English translation as Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844), he elaborated on the idea that alienation had an economic base. He called for a communist society to overcome the dehumanizing effect of private property.
In 1845, Marx moved to Brussels, and in 1847 he went to London. He had previously made friends with Friedrich Engels, the son of a wealthy textile manufacturer who, like himself, had been a Young Hegelian. They collaborated on a book, The Holy Family (1845; Eng. trans., 1956), which was a criticism of some of their Young Hegelian friends for their stress on alienation. In 1845, Marx jotted down some notes, Theses on Feuerbach, which he and Engels enlarged into a book, The German Ideology (1932; Eng. trans., 1938), in which they developed their materialistic conception of history. They argued that human thought was determined by social and economic forces, particularly those related to the means of production. They developed a method of analysis they called Dialectical Materialism, in which the clash of historical forces leads to changes in society.
In 1847 a London organization of workers invited Marx and Engels to prepare a program for them. It appeared in 1848 as the Communist Manifesto. In it they declared that all history was the history of class struggles. Under capitalism, the struggle between the working class and the business class would end in a new society, a communist one. The outbreak of the revolutions of 1848 in Europe led Marx to return to Cologne, where he began publication of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, but with the failure of the German liberal democratic movement he moved permanently (1849) to London. For many years he and his family lived in poverty, aided by small subventions from Engels and by bequests from the relatives of Marx’s wife. From 1851 to 1862 he contributed articles and editorials to the New York Tribune, then edited by Horace Greeley. Most of his time, however, was spent in the British Museum, studying economic and social history and developing his theories.
Marx’s ideas began to influence a group of workers and German emigres in London, who established (1864) the International Workingmen’s Association, later known as the First. By the time of the brief commune of Paris in 1871, Marx’s name had begun to be well known in European political circles. A struggle developed within the International between Marx and the Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, whom Marx eventually defeated and expelled, at the cost of the destruction of the International.
In 1867, Marx published the first volume of Das Kapital (Eng. trans., 1886). The next two volumes, edited by Engels, were published after Marx’s death. The fourth volume was edited by Karl Kautsky. Marx’s last years were marked by illness and depression. Marx continued to write treatises on socialism, urging that his followers disdain soft-hearted bourgeois tendencies. He took this stand, for example, in The Gotha Program (1891; Eng. trans., 1922). His wife died in 1881, and his eldest daughter in 1883, shortly before his own death.
At Marx’s funeral in Highgate Cemetery in London, Engels spoke of him as "the best-hated and most-calumniated man of his time." The importance of Marx’s thought, however, extends far beyond the revolutionary movements whose prophet he became. His writings on economics and sociology are still influential in academic circles and among many who do not share his political views.
In 1842, Marx became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, a liberal democratic newspaper for which he wrote increasingly radical editorials on social and economic issues. The newspaper was banned by the Prussian government in 1843, and Marx left for Paris with his bride, Jenny von Westphalen. There he went further in his criticism of society, building on the Young Hegelian criticism of religion. Ludwig Feuerbach had written a book called The Essence of Christianity (1841; Eng. trans., 1854), arguing that God had been invented by humans as a projection of their own ideals. Feuerbach wrote that man, however, in creating God in his own image, had "alienated himself from himself." He had created another being in contrast to himself, reducing himself to a lowly, evil creature who needed both church and government to guide and control him. If religion were abolished, Feuerbach claimed, human beings would overcome their alienation. Marx applied this idea of alienation to private property, which he said caused humans to work only for themselves, not for the good of their species. In his papers of this period (published in 1959 English translation as Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844), he elaborated on the idea that alienation had an economic base. He called for a communist society to overcome the dehumanizing effect of private property.
In 1845, Marx moved to Brussels, and in 1847 he went to London. He had previously made friends with Friedrich Engels, the son of a wealthy textile manufacturer who, like himself, had been a Young Hegelian. They collaborated on a book, The Holy Family (1845; Eng. trans., 1956), which was a criticism of some of their Young Hegelian friends for their stress on alienation. In 1845, Marx jotted down some notes, Theses on Feuerbach, which he and Engels enlarged into a book, The German Ideology (1932; Eng. trans., 1938), in which they developed their materialistic conception of history. They argued that human thought was determined by social and economic forces, particularly those related to the means of production. They developed a method of analysis they called Dialectical Materialism, in which the clash of historical forces leads to changes in society.
In 1847 a London organization of workers invited Marx and Engels to prepare a program for them. It appeared in 1848 as the Communist Manifesto. In it they declared that all history was the history of class struggles. Under capitalism, the struggle between the working class and the business class would end in a new society, a communist one. The outbreak of the revolutions of 1848 in Europe led Marx to return to Cologne, where he began publication of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, but with the failure of the German liberal democratic movement he moved permanently (1849) to London. For many years he and his family lived in poverty, aided by small subventions from Engels and by bequests from the relatives of Marx’s wife. From 1851 to 1862 he contributed articles and editorials to the New York Tribune, then edited by Horace Greeley. Most of his time, however, was spent in the British Museum, studying economic and social history and developing his theories.
Marx’s ideas began to influence a group of workers and German emigres in London, who established (1864) the International Workingmen’s Association, later known as the First. By the time of the brief commune of Paris in 1871, Marx’s name had begun to be well known in European political circles. A struggle developed within the International between Marx and the Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, whom Marx eventually defeated and expelled, at the cost of the destruction of the International.
In 1867, Marx published the first volume of Das Kapital (Eng. trans., 1886). The next two volumes, edited by Engels, were published after Marx’s death. The fourth volume was edited by Karl Kautsky. Marx’s last years were marked by illness and depression. Marx continued to write treatises on socialism, urging that his followers disdain soft-hearted bourgeois tendencies. He took this stand, for example, in The Gotha Program (1891; Eng. trans., 1922). His wife died in 1881, and his eldest daughter in 1883, shortly before his own death.
At Marx’s funeral in Highgate Cemetery in London, Engels spoke of him as "the best-hated and most-calumniated man of his time." The importance of Marx’s thought, however, extends far beyond the revolutionary movements whose prophet he became. His writings on economics and sociology are still influential in academic circles and among many who do not share his political views.
George Orwell
(1903 - 1950)
Orwell was a British journalist and author, who wrote two of the most famous novels of the 20th century 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'.
Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on 25 June 1903 in eastern India, the son of a British colonial civil servant. He was educated in England and, after he left Eton, joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, then a British colony. He resigned in 1927 and decided to become a writer. In 1928 he moved to Paris where lack of success as a writer forced him into a series of menial jobs. He described his experiences in his first book, 'Down and Out in Paris and London', published in 1933 - he took the name George Orwell, shortly before its publication. This was followed by his first novel 'Burmese Days' in 1934.
An anarchist in the late 1920s, in the 1930s he began to consider himself a socialist. In 1936 he was commissioned to write an account of poverty among unemployed miners in northern England, which resulted in 'The Road to Wigan Pier' (1937). Late in 1936, Orwell travelled to Spain to fight for the Republicans against Franco's Nationalists. He was forced to flee in fear of his life from Soviet-backed communists who were suppressing revolutionary socialist dissenters. The experience turned him into a lifelong anti-Stalinist.
Between 1941 and 1943, Orwell worked on propaganda for the BBC. In 1943, he became literary editor of the Tribune, a weekly left-wing magazine. By now he was a prolific journalist, writing articles, reviews and books.
In 1945, Orwell's 'Animal Farm' was published. A political fable set in a farmyard but based on Stalin's betrayal of the Russian Revolution, it made Orwell's name and ensured he was financially comfortable for the first time in his life. 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' was published four years later. Set in an imaginary totalitarian future, the book made a deep impression, with its title and many phrases - such as 'Big Brother is watching you', 'newspeak' and 'doublethink' - entering popular use. However, Orwell's health was deteriorating and he died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950.
Orwell was a British journalist and author, who wrote two of the most famous novels of the 20th century 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'.
Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on 25 June 1903 in eastern India, the son of a British colonial civil servant. He was educated in England and, after he left Eton, joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, then a British colony. He resigned in 1927 and decided to become a writer. In 1928 he moved to Paris where lack of success as a writer forced him into a series of menial jobs. He described his experiences in his first book, 'Down and Out in Paris and London', published in 1933 - he took the name George Orwell, shortly before its publication. This was followed by his first novel 'Burmese Days' in 1934.
An anarchist in the late 1920s, in the 1930s he began to consider himself a socialist. In 1936 he was commissioned to write an account of poverty among unemployed miners in northern England, which resulted in 'The Road to Wigan Pier' (1937). Late in 1936, Orwell travelled to Spain to fight for the Republicans against Franco's Nationalists. He was forced to flee in fear of his life from Soviet-backed communists who were suppressing revolutionary socialist dissenters. The experience turned him into a lifelong anti-Stalinist.
Between 1941 and 1943, Orwell worked on propaganda for the BBC. In 1943, he became literary editor of the Tribune, a weekly left-wing magazine. By now he was a prolific journalist, writing articles, reviews and books.
In 1945, Orwell's 'Animal Farm' was published. A political fable set in a farmyard but based on Stalin's betrayal of the Russian Revolution, it made Orwell's name and ensured he was financially comfortable for the first time in his life. 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' was published four years later. Set in an imaginary totalitarian future, the book made a deep impression, with its title and many phrases - such as 'Big Brother is watching you', 'newspeak' and 'doublethink' - entering popular use. However, Orwell's health was deteriorating and he died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950.
Courage vs Leadership
I believe leadership begins with courage. These are qualities that bring out your inner spirit and show your true personality. Leadreship would take you far in life, but you would have to be positive in your thinking and brave in standing up for what you believe in.
For me leadership is to be a leader, a person who has a principle part in something and a person who’s example is followed. On the other side courage in my opinion is bravery and the ability to control fear during difficult times. Not every person is a leader but we could all have the courage to become one, it might be in school, in our community or for our country. I have an eye opening story that might explian to you what a true leader is and courage in one’s heart.
It started in 1983 when I witnessed a number of people being beaten by the police at the elections in Lenasia. This was when I gained the courage to fight for our rights. We protested a number of marches . one of our marches took place in Lenasia , there were +- 25 people marching (nobody else wanted to join), I was leading the march. When the police came everybody ran away and hid. I tried to hide with a friend in the car but the police found us. That day I had to do the golden chair infront of ten policemen and they laughed at me when I started to shake. It was a very humiliating experience. It nearly killed my pride but luckily I had the courage to go on.
Courage and leadership go hand in hand. If you have the courage , the bravery and the ability to fight for what you believe in, you then have the ability to become a leader. Like me, when I gained the courage to fight for my rights and not be afraid, I started marching and even became part of the Transvaal Indian Congress and Lenasia youth league. Later on I even became Ameer of the M.S.A.
The lessons I learnt and would like to teach you are things that you should ponder on and hopefully change you views. You should never be afraid to fight for what you believe in. you must never be shy or afraid to speak up and become a leader. Like the Prophet (S.A.W.) said “two kinds of people will never learn, a shy person and an arrogant person.”
The morals I learnt from the apartheid regime are that you should always treat people fairly and the way you want to be treated. Don’t be afraid to be a leader, you will learn and teach others many things. Leadership some have and some don’t, make an effort and be one of those who are!
For me leadership is to be a leader, a person who has a principle part in something and a person who’s example is followed. On the other side courage in my opinion is bravery and the ability to control fear during difficult times. Not every person is a leader but we could all have the courage to become one, it might be in school, in our community or for our country. I have an eye opening story that might explian to you what a true leader is and courage in one’s heart.
It started in 1983 when I witnessed a number of people being beaten by the police at the elections in Lenasia. This was when I gained the courage to fight for our rights. We protested a number of marches . one of our marches took place in Lenasia , there were +- 25 people marching (nobody else wanted to join), I was leading the march. When the police came everybody ran away and hid. I tried to hide with a friend in the car but the police found us. That day I had to do the golden chair infront of ten policemen and they laughed at me when I started to shake. It was a very humiliating experience. It nearly killed my pride but luckily I had the courage to go on.
Courage and leadership go hand in hand. If you have the courage , the bravery and the ability to fight for what you believe in, you then have the ability to become a leader. Like me, when I gained the courage to fight for my rights and not be afraid, I started marching and even became part of the Transvaal Indian Congress and Lenasia youth league. Later on I even became Ameer of the M.S.A.
The lessons I learnt and would like to teach you are things that you should ponder on and hopefully change you views. You should never be afraid to fight for what you believe in. you must never be shy or afraid to speak up and become a leader. Like the Prophet (S.A.W.) said “two kinds of people will never learn, a shy person and an arrogant person.”
The morals I learnt from the apartheid regime are that you should always treat people fairly and the way you want to be treated. Don’t be afraid to be a leader, you will learn and teach others many things. Leadership some have and some don’t, make an effort and be one of those who are!
Propaganda
Propaganda is a deliberate message which aims at persuading a target group of people which influences opinions and beliefs on religious issues. Propaganda presents information in order to influence its audience. It can influence the emotions, attitude, opinions and actions of specified target audience for ideological ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels.
Propaganda has to do with any ideas or beliefs that are intentionally propagated. It uses words and word substitutes in trying to reach a goal—pictures, drawings, graphs, exhibits, parades, songs, and other devices. Propaganda shares techniques with advertising and public relations. Advertising and public relations can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person or brand.. Propaganda promotes things that are generally acceptable and non-controversial.
There are different kinds of propaganda, from selfish, deceitful, and subversive effort to honest and aboveboard promotion of things that are good.
Propaganda can be concealed or open, emotional or containing appeals to reason, or a combination of emotional and logical appeals.
Propaganda has to do with any ideas or beliefs that are intentionally propagated. It uses words and word substitutes in trying to reach a goal—pictures, drawings, graphs, exhibits, parades, songs, and other devices. Propaganda shares techniques with advertising and public relations. Advertising and public relations can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person or brand.. Propaganda promotes things that are generally acceptable and non-controversial.
There are different kinds of propaganda, from selfish, deceitful, and subversive effort to honest and aboveboard promotion of things that are good.
Propaganda can be concealed or open, emotional or containing appeals to reason, or a combination of emotional and logical appeals.
The Gate to Success
I sat at the computer and started my first assignment for university. Born in the age of computers a thought suddenly ‘popped’ to mind! How would I be able to do my work without Microsoft? How would everybody’s life be without Microsoft?
He is an entrepeneur, software executive and chairmen of Microsoft, the software he founded with a friend. Bill Gates is one of the best knoen entrepeneurs of the personal computer revelution and has made computers easily accessible for all of us. Today Gates is holding the position of CEO and chief software architect and is the largest individual shareholder in the world.
Bill Gates wasd born on the 28 October 1955. He attended elementary school and private Lakeside school were he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at thirteen. At this age he was caught exploiting bugs in the system to get free computer time.
Bill Gates entered Harvard University where he created a programming language. He spent most of his time at Microsoft, which is a company he began in 1975 and began developing softwares for personal computers. He dropped out of college and did not finish his law degree as he did not have a definite study plan.
In 1975 Gates contacted the creators of the new microcomputer (MITS) and told them they were working on an interpreter for the platform. In reality this was not true but it was to generate interest and a meeting was agreed upon. Over the cause of that two weeks they created an emulatorthat ran on a microcomputer and then the Basic interpreter. The meeting was successful and a partnership Microsoft had taken place. Gates then demanded payment from the software developers and then Microsoft continued to develop programming language software from various systems without MITS.
If it wasn’t for Bill Gates our computers would not be so advanced and we would not have Microsoft to do most of our work on. Internet would not be as accessable as it is, software for personal computers would not be available and computers would be much slower. Computer together with Microsoft today is a valuble tool and needed in every home. Many people can not live without technology and because of Bill Gates we are improving in techhnology everyday. Microsoft has advanced and improved software technology, to make it easier, cheaper and more fun for people who use computers.
Gates was named one of the hundred people who most influenced the 20th century as well as hunrdred most influential people and he is one of the most wealthiest people in the world. From this ilearnt that you are never too young to start anything new and even though it may seem impossible even the sky is not the limit.
With a lot of critism and competition, Bill Gates still went on to fulfill his dream. He left something behind that will help many. He will be remembered for years to come and will be widely admired. Sitting infront of the computer, openning up Microsoft I knew Bill Gates as a legacy.
He is an entrepeneur, software executive and chairmen of Microsoft, the software he founded with a friend. Bill Gates is one of the best knoen entrepeneurs of the personal computer revelution and has made computers easily accessible for all of us. Today Gates is holding the position of CEO and chief software architect and is the largest individual shareholder in the world.
Bill Gates wasd born on the 28 October 1955. He attended elementary school and private Lakeside school were he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at thirteen. At this age he was caught exploiting bugs in the system to get free computer time.
Bill Gates entered Harvard University where he created a programming language. He spent most of his time at Microsoft, which is a company he began in 1975 and began developing softwares for personal computers. He dropped out of college and did not finish his law degree as he did not have a definite study plan.
In 1975 Gates contacted the creators of the new microcomputer (MITS) and told them they were working on an interpreter for the platform. In reality this was not true but it was to generate interest and a meeting was agreed upon. Over the cause of that two weeks they created an emulatorthat ran on a microcomputer and then the Basic interpreter. The meeting was successful and a partnership Microsoft had taken place. Gates then demanded payment from the software developers and then Microsoft continued to develop programming language software from various systems without MITS.
If it wasn’t for Bill Gates our computers would not be so advanced and we would not have Microsoft to do most of our work on. Internet would not be as accessable as it is, software for personal computers would not be available and computers would be much slower. Computer together with Microsoft today is a valuble tool and needed in every home. Many people can not live without technology and because of Bill Gates we are improving in techhnology everyday. Microsoft has advanced and improved software technology, to make it easier, cheaper and more fun for people who use computers.
Gates was named one of the hundred people who most influenced the 20th century as well as hunrdred most influential people and he is one of the most wealthiest people in the world. From this ilearnt that you are never too young to start anything new and even though it may seem impossible even the sky is not the limit.
With a lot of critism and competition, Bill Gates still went on to fulfill his dream. He left something behind that will help many. He will be remembered for years to come and will be widely admired. Sitting infront of the computer, openning up Microsoft I knew Bill Gates as a legacy.
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